Generating a personal database entry for a user based on natural language user interface input of the user and generating output based on the entry in response to further natural language user interface input of the user

ABSTRACT

Some implementations are directed to generating a personal database entry for a user based on free-form natural language input formulated by the user via one or more user interface input devices of a computing device of the user. The generated personal database entry may include one or more terms of the natural language input and descriptive metadata determined based on one or more terms of the natural language input and/or based on contextual features associated with receiving the natural language input. Some implementations are directed to generating, based on one or more personal database entries of a user, output that is responsive to further free-form natural language input of the user. For example, one or more entries that are responsive to further natural language input of the user can be identified based on matching content of those entries to one or more search parameters determined based on the further input.

BACKGROUND

Some note keeping computer applications and/or other computerapplications enable a user to create note entries that include contentthat is explicitly set by the user. For example, the user may create anote of “call Bob.” Further, some computer applications may enablelimited searching of the user created notes.

However, these and/or other techniques may suffer from one or moredrawbacks. For example, the note keeping computer applications may onlyenable searching for note entries based on exact keyword matchingbetween terms of a search and terms of the notes. For instance, “callBob” would only be identified if a search included “call” and/or “Bob”.Moreover, some note keeping computer applications may not automaticallyfilter and/or rank note entries that are responsive to a search and/ormay only do so based on limited user provided content. Additionally,some note keeping computer applications may require that a userexplicitly designate that content provided by the user is to be utilizedto create a note entry and therefore do not create any entries for manytypes of input of the user, such as inputs provided during dialog with apersonal assistant and/or during dialog with one or more additionalusers. Additional and/or alternative drawbacks may be presented.

SUMMARY

Some implementations of this specification are directed to generating apersonal database entry for a user based on free-form natural languageinput formulated by the user via one or more user interface inputdevices of a computing device of the user, such as natural languageinput provided to an automated personal assistant and/or provided to oneor more computing devices of one or more additional users duringcommunication with those additional users. In some of thoseimplementations, the entry includes one or more terms of the naturallanguage input and optionally includes descriptive metadata that isdetermined based on one or more terms of the natural language inputand/or based on contextual features associated with receiving thenatural language input. As used herein, free-form input is input that isformulated by a user and that is not constrained to a group of optionspresented for selection by the user. For example, it may be typed inputprovided by the user via a physical or virtual keyboard of a computingdevice, spoken input provided by the user to a microphone of thecomputing device, and/or an image captured by the user via a camera(e.g., a camera of the computing device of the user).

Some implementations of this specification are additionally and/oralternatively directed to generating, based on one or more personaldatabase entries of a user, output that is responsive to furtherfree-form natural language input of the user. In some of thoseimplementations, one or more entries that are responsive to furthernatural language input of the user can be identified based on matching(soft and/or exact) content of those entries (e.g., descriptive metadataand/or terms of those entries) to one or more search parametersdetermined based on the further natural language input. Further, in someof those implementations content of an identified entry may be utilizedin generating the output and/or in ranking multiple identified entries(where multiple entries are identified) relative to one another. Theranking can be utilized to select a subset of entries (e.g., one entry)to utilize in generating the response and/or to determine a presentationorder of multiple pieces of content in a generated response (based onthe rankings of the entries from which the multiple pieces of contentwere derived).

Some implementations of this specification are additionally and/oralternatively directed to analyzing given natural language input todetermine a measure indicative of a likelihood that the input isintended as input the user desires an automated personal assistant torecall at a later time and/or to determine a measure indicative of alikelihood that the input is intended as a request for personalinformation from a personal database of the user.

Natural language input of the user may be received and processed invarious scenarios. For example, natural language input may be inputprovided by the user during communication with one or more other users,such as communication via chat, SMS, and/or via other message exchange.As another example, the natural language input may be provided to anautomated personal assistant that engages in dialog with the user viaone or more user interface input and output devices. For example, theautomated personal assistant may be integrated, in whole or in part, ina computing device of the user (e.g., a mobile phone, a tablet, a devicedevoted solely to the automated assistant functionality) and may includeone or more user interface input devices (e.g., a microphone, atouch-screen) and one or more user interface output devices (e.g., aspeaker, a display screen). Also, for example, the automated personalassistant may be implemented, in whole or in part, in one or morecomputing devices that are separate from, but in communication with, aclient computing device of the user.

In some implementations, a method performed by one or more processors isprovided that includes receiving first natural language input that isfree-form input formulated by a user via a user interface input deviceof a computing device of the user. The method further includesgenerating an entry for the first natural language input in a personaldatabase of the user stored in one or more computer readable media andthe generating includes: storing, in the entry, one or more given termsof the terms of the first natural language input or an identifier of thegiven terms; generating descriptive metadata based on at least one of:one or more of the terms of the first natural language input, and one ormore contextual features associated with receiving the first naturallanguage input; and storing the descriptive metadata in the entry. Themethod further includes receiving second natural language inputsubsequent to receiving the first natural language input. The secondnatural language input is free-form input formulated by the user via theuser interface input device or an additional user interface input deviceof an additional computing device of the user. The method furtherincludes: determining, based on the second natural language input, atleast one search parameter; searching the personal database based on thesearch parameter; and determining, based on the searching, that theentry is responsive to the second natural language input based at leastin part on matching the search parameter to at least some of thedescriptive metadata. The method further include generating naturallanguage output that includes one or more natural language output termsthat are based on the entry and providing, in response to the secondnatural language input, the natural language output for presentation tothe user via a user interface output device of the computing device orof the additional computing device.

This method and other implementations of technology disclosed herein mayeach optionally include one or more of the following features.

In some implementations, generating the descriptive metadata is based onboth the given terms of the first natural language input and the one ormore contextual features associated with receiving the first naturallanguage input.

In some implementations, generating the descriptive metadata is based onone or more contextual features associated with receiving the firstnatural language input and generating the descriptive metadata based onthe one or more contextual features includes: generating temporalmetadata that indicates a date or a time that the first natural languageinput was received. In some of those implementations where temporalmetadata is generated, the at least one search parameter is a temporalsearch parameter and determining that the entry is responsive to thesecond natural language input includes matching the temporal searchparameter to the temporal metadata. In some of those implementationswhere temporal metadata is generated, the method further includesdetermining that an additional entry is responsive to the second naturallanguage input and selecting the entry in lieu of the additional entrybased on conformance of a current date or time to the temporal metadataof the entry. In some versions of those implementations, providing thenatural language output that includes at least some of the given termsof the entry is in response to selecting the entry, and the additionalentry is not utilized in generating the natural language output and nooutput that is based on the additional entry is provided in response tothe second natural language input. In some versions of thoseimplementations, generating the natural language output includesgenerating one or more temporal terms of the natural language outputbased on the temporal metadata of the entry.

In some implementations, generating the descriptive metadata is based onone or more contextual features associated with receiving the firstnatural language input and generating the descriptive metadata includes:generating locational metadata that indicates a location of the userwhen the first natural language input was received. In some of thoseimplementations where locational metadata is generated, the at least onesearch parameter is a locational search parameter and determining thatthe entry is responsive to the second natural language input includesmatching the locational search parameter to the locational metadata. Insome of those implementations where locational metadata is generated,the method further includes: determining that an additional entry isresponsive to the second natural language input; and selecting the entryin lieu of the additional entry based on conformance of a currentlocation of the user to the locational metadata of the entry. In someversions of those implementations, providing the natural language outputthat includes at least some of the given terms of the entry is inresponse to selecting the entry, and the additional entry is notutilized in generating the natural language output and no output that isbased on the additional entry is provided in response to the secondnatural language input. In some versions of those implementations,generating the natural language output includes generating one or morelocational terms of the natural language output based on the locationalmetadata of the entry.

In some implementations, the first natural language input is providedduring communication between the user and at least one additional user,generating the descriptive metadata is based on one or more contextualfeatures associated with receiving the first natural language input, andgenerating the descriptive metadata includes generating additional usermetadata of the descriptive metadata. The additional user metadataidentifies the additional user in communication with the user when thefirst natural language input was received. In some of thoseimplementations where additional metadata is generated, thecommunication between the user and the additional user is via a firstmessage exchange client of the computing device of the user and a secondmessage exchange client of an additional user computing device of theadditional user.

In some implementations, generating the descriptive metadata is based onone or of the terms of the first natural language input and generatingthe descriptive metadata based on one or more of the terms of the firstnatural language input includes generating a semantic label of thedescriptive metadata based on one or more of the terms. The semanticlabel indicates a classification to which the one or more terms belongand to which additional terms not included in the first natural languageoutput also belong. In some of those implementations where the semanticlabel is generated, the at least one search parameter is a semanticsearch parameter and determining that the entry is responsive to thesecond natural language input includes matching the semantic searchparameter to the semantic label. In some versions of thoseimplementations, determining the search parameter is based on a prefixof the second natural language input. In some of those implementationswhere the semantic label is generated, the method further includesdetermining, that an additional entry is responsive to the secondnatural language input and selecting the entry in lieu of the additionalentry based on conformance of the second natural language input of theuser to the semantic label of the entry. In some versions of thoseimplementations, providing the natural language output that includes atleast some of the given terms of the entry is in response to selectingthe entry, and the additional entry is not utilized in generating thenatural language output and no output that is based on the additionalentry is provided in response to the second natural language input.

In some implementations, the method further includes determining, basedon at least one of the terms of the second natural language input, ameasure indicative of a likelihood that the second natural languageinput is a request for information from the personal database. In someof those implementations, at least one of the searching and theproviding are dependent on a magnitude of the measure.

In some implementations, a method performed by one or more processors isprovided that includes: receiving first natural language input that isfree-form input formulated by a user via a user interface input deviceof a computing device of the user and generating an entry for the firstnatural language input in a personal database of the user stored in oneor more computer readable media. The generating includes: storing, inthe entry, one or more given terms of the terms of the first naturallanguage input or an identifier of the given terms; generatingdescriptive metadata based on at least one of: one or more of the termsof the first natural language input, and one or more contextual featuresassociated with receiving the first natural language input; and storingthe descriptive metadata in the entry. The method further includes:receiving second natural language input subsequent to receiving thefirst natural language input; determining at least one search parameterbased on the second natural language input; searching the personaldatabase based on the search parameter; determining, based on thesearching, that the entry is responsive to the second natural languageinput; determining, based on the searching, that an additional entry isalso responsive to the second natural language input; ranking the entryrelative to the additional entry based on at least some of thedescriptive metadata; generating natural language output that includesone or more natural language output terms that are based on the entry;and providing, in response to the second natural language input, thenatural language output for presentation to the user via a userinterface output device, wherein providing the natural language outputis based on the ranking of the entry relative to the additional entry.

This method and other implementations of technology disclosed herein mayeach optionally include one or more of the following features.

In some implementations, providing the natural language output based onthe ranking of the entry relative to the additional entry includesproviding the natural language output without providing any output thatis based on the additional entry in response to the second naturallanguage input.

In some implementations, providing the natural language output based onthe ranking of the entry relative to the additional entry includesproviding the natural language output and providing additional outputbased on the additional entry, and providing the natural language outputand the additional output for presentation in an order that is based onthe ranking.

In addition, some implementations include one or more processors of oneor more computing devices, where the one or more processors are operableto execute instructions stored in associated memory, and where theinstructions are configured to cause performance of any of theaforementioned methods. Some implementations also include anon-transitory computer readable storage medium storing computerinstructions executable by one or more processors to perform any of theaforementioned methods.

It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing conceptsand additional concepts described in greater detail herein arecontemplated as being part of the subject matter disclosed herein. Forexample, all combinations of claimed subject matter appearing at the endof this disclosure are contemplated as being part of the subject matterdisclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example environment in which implementationsdisclosed herein may be implemented.

FIG. 2A illustrates an example of generating a personal database entryfor a user based on free-form natural language input formulated by theuser via one or more user interface input devices of a computing deviceof the user.

FIG. 2B illustrates an example of generating, based on one or morepersonal database entries of a user, natural language output that isresponsive to further free-form natural language input of the user.

FIG. 3A illustrates an example client computing device with a displayscreen displaying an example of dialog that may occur between a user ofthe client computing device and an automated personal assistantaccording to implementations described herein.

FIGS. 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, 3F, and 3G each illustrates a portion the exampleclient computing device of FIG. 3A, with the display screen displayingdialog that may occur subsequent to the dialog of FIG. 3A according toimplementations described herein.

FIG. 4A illustrates the client computing device of FIG. 3A with thedisplay screen displaying another example of dialog that may occurbetween the user of the client computing device and the automatedpersonal assistant according to implementations described herein.

FIGS. 4B and 4C each illustrates a portion the example client computingdevice of FIG. 4A, with the display screen displaying dialog that mayoccur subsequent to the dialog of FIG. 4A according to implementationsdescribed herein.

FIGS. 5A and 5B present a flow chart illustrating an example method ofgenerating personal database entries for a user based on free-formnatural language input formulated by the user and generating, based onone or more of the personal database entries, natural language outputthat is responsive to further free-form natural language input of theuser.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example architecture of a computing device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Implementations of this specification are directed to generating apersonal database entry for a user based on free-form natural languageinput formulated by the user via one or more user interface inputdevices of a computing device of the user. For example, the personaldatabase entry may be generated by an automated personal assistant inresponse to natural language input provided to the automated personalassistant. A personal database entry, as used herein, is an entry in apersonal database that is accessible to the user and non-accessible to aplurality of additional users that differ from the user. For example,the personal database may be accessible to only the user and one or moreapplications and/or systems specified by the user and non-accessible byany other users, applications, and/or systems. Also, for example, thepersonal database may be accessible to the user and certain additionalusers designated by the user. As described herein, any personal databasemay be stored on one or more computer readable media and may beassociated with access information to allow access only to users,applications, and/or systems that are authorized to access such contentand prevent access to all other users, applications, and/or systems.

In some implementations, a generated personal database entry includesone or more terms of the natural language input and optionally includesdescriptive metadata that is determined based on one or more terms ofthe natural language input and/or based on contextual featuresassociated with receiving the natural language input.

Descriptive metadata that is determined based on the terms of thenatural language input may include, for example, a semantic labelindicating a classification to which one or more of the terms belong andto which additional terms not included in the natural language outputalso belong. For example, a semantic label of “person” may be determinedbased on the term “Bob”, a semantic label of “place” may be determinedbased on the term “home”, etc. Another example of descriptive metadatadetermined based on the terms of the natural language input may include“memoryness” metadata that indicates the likelihood (e.g., true/false,or a range of values) that the natural language input is intended asinput the user desires an automated personal assistant to be able torecall at a later time. For example, descriptive memoryness metadatathat indicates a high likelihood the user desires the ability for futurerecall may be generated based on the presence of certain key terms inthe input (e.g., “remember”, “don't forget”) and/or based on outputreceived in response to providing the input to a classifier trained topredict whether and/or to what degree natural language input indicates adesire for the natural language input to be “remembered”.

The descriptive metadata that is determined based on the contextualfeatures associated with receiving the natural language input mayinclude, for example, temporal metadata, locational metadata, and/oradditional user metadata. The temporal metadata may indicate a date(e.g., May 1, 2016; May; 2016; last week; Sunday) and/or a time (e.g.,8:00 AM, morning, between 7:00 and 9:00) that the natural language inputwas received. The locational metadata may indicate a location of theuser (e.g., a ZIP code, “home”, “work”, a City, a Neighborhood) when thenatural language input was received. The additional user metadata mayindicate one or more additional users to whom the natural language inputwas directed and/or one or more additional users who were engaged incommunication with the user when the natural language input wasreceived. For example, when the natural language input is received froman ongoing message exchange thread (e.g., chat, SMS) between the userand an additional user, the additional user metadata may indicate theadditional user.

Implementations of this specification are additionally and/oralternatively directed to generating, based on one or more personaldatabase entries of a user, output that is responsive to furtherfree-form natural language input of the user. In some of thoseimplementations, one or more entries that are responsive to furthernatural language input of the user can be identified based on matching(soft and/or exact) content of those entries (e.g., descriptive metadataand/or natural language input terms of those entries) to one or moresearch parameters determined based on the further natural languageinput. Further, in some of those implementations content of anidentified entry may be utilized in generating the output and/or inranking multiple identified entries (where multiple entries areidentified) relative to one another. The ranking can be utilized toselect a subset of entries to utilize in generating the response and/orto determine a presentation order of multiple pieces of content in agenerated response (based on the rankings of the entries from which themultiple pieces of content were derived).

Now turning to FIG. 1, an example environment in which techniquesdisclosed herein may be implemented is illustrated. The exampleenvironment includes a plurality of client computing devices 106 _(1-N)and an automated personal assistant 120. Although automated personalassistant 120 is illustrated in FIG. 1 as separate from the clientcomputing devices 106 _(1-N), in some implementations all or aspects ofthe automated personal assistant 120 may be implemented by one or moreof the client computing devices 106 _(1-N). For example, clientcomputing device 106 ₁ may implement one instance or more aspects ofautomated personal assistant 120 and client computing device 106 _(N)may also implement a separate instance of those one or more aspects ofautomated personal assistant 120. In implementations where one or moreaspects of automated personal assistant 120 are implemented by one ormore computing devices remote from client computing devices 106 _(1-N),the client computing devices 106 _(1-N) and those aspects of automatedpersonal assistant 120 may communicate via one or more networks such asa local area network (LAN) and/or wide area network (WAN) (e.g., theInternet).

The client computing devices 106 _(1-N) may include, for example, one ormore of: a desktop computing device, a laptop computing device, a tabletcomputing device, a dedicated computing device that enables dialog withusers (e.g., a stand-alone device that includes a microphone andspeaker, but no display), a mobile phone computing device, a computingdevice of a vehicle of the user (e.g., an in-vehicle communicationssystem, an in-vehicle entertainment system, an in-vehicle navigationsystem), or a wearable apparatus of the user that includes a computingdevice (e.g., a watch of the user having a computing device, glasses ofthe user having a computing device, a virtual or augmented realitycomputing device). Additional and/or alternative client computingdevices may be provided. In some implementations, a given user maycommunicate with automated personal assistant 120 utilizing a pluralityof client computing devices of the user that collectively form acoordinated “ecosystem” of computing devices. For example, a personaldatabase entry may be generated based on natural language input of auser via a first client computing device and output generated based onthat entry in response to further natural language input of the user viaa second client computing device. However, for the sake of brevity, manyexamples described in this disclosure will focus on a given useroperating a single one of the client computing devices 106 _(1-N).

Each of the client computing devices 106 _(1-N) may operate a variety ofdifferent applications, such as a corresponding one of the messageexchange clients 107 _(1-N). Message exchange clients 107 _(1-N) maycome in various forms and the forms may vary across the client computingdevices 106 _(1-N) and/or multiple forms may be operated on a single oneof the client computing devices 106 _(1-N). In some implementations, oneor more of the message exchange clients 107 _(1-N) may come in the formof a short messaging service (“SMS”) and/or multimedia messaging service(“MMS”) client, an online chat client (e.g., instant messenger, Internetrelay chat, or “IRC,” etc.), a messaging application associated with asocial network, a personal assistant messaging service dedicated todialog with automated personal assistant 120 (e.g., implemented on adedicated computing device that enables dialog with a user), and soforth. In some implementations, one or more of the message exchangeclients 107 _(1-N) may be implemented via a webpage or other resourcesrendered by a web browser (not depicted) or other application of clientcomputing device 106.

As described in more detail herein, the automated personal assistant 120receives input from and/or provides output to one or more users via userinterface input and output devices of one or more client devices 106_(1-N). Implementations described herein relate to the automatedpersonal assistant 120 generating personal database entries for a userbased on natural language input provided by the user and generatingoutput for presentation to the user based on one or more generatedpersonal database entries of the user. However, it is understood that inmany implementations the automated personal assistant 120 may alsoperform one or more additional functions. For example, the automatedpersonal assistant 120 may respond to some natural language interfaceinput of a user with output that is generated, in whole or in part,based on information that is not generated based on a personal databaseentry generated based on past natural language input of the user. Forexample, the automated personal assistant may utilize one or moredocuments of public database 154 in generating a response to somenatural language interface input of the user. For example, in responseto user natural language input of “what does ambidextrous mean?”, theautomated personal assistant may generate output of “ambidextrous is anadjective that describes the ability to use the right and left handsequally well” based on a definition for “ambidextrous” that is notpersonal to the user.

In some implementations, user interface input described herein isexplicitly directed to the automated personal assistant 120. Forexample, one of the message exchange clients 107 _(1-N) may be apersonal assistant messaging service dedicated to conversations withautomated personal assistant 120 and user interface input provided viathat personal assistant messaging service may be automatically providedto automated personal assistant 120. For instance, one of the messageexchange clients 107 _(1-N) and an instance of at least aspects of thepersonal assistant 120 may both be implemented at least in part on astand-alone client computing device that at least selectively monitorsfor voice user interface input and responds with audible user interfaceoutput. Also, for example, the user interface input may be explicitlydirected to the automated personal assistant 120 via one or more of themessage exchange clients 107 _(1-N) based on particular user interfaceinput that indicates the automated personal assistant 120 is to beinvoked. For instance, the particular user interface input may be one ormore typed characters (e.g., @PersonalAssistant), user interaction witha virtual button (e.g., a tap, a long tap), a verbal command (e.g., “HeyPersonal Assistant”), etc. In some implementations, the automatedpersonal assistant 120 may perform one or more actions in response touser interface input, even when that user interface input is notexplicitly directed to the automated personal assistant 120. Forexample, the automated personal assistant 120 may examine the contentsof user interface input and perform one or more actions in response tocertain terms being present in the user interface input and/or based onother cues.

Each of the client computing devices 106 _(1-N) and automated personalassistant 120 may include one or more memories for storage of data andsoftware applications, one or more processors for accessing data andexecuting applications, and other components that facilitatecommunication over a network. The operations performed by one or more ofthe client computing devices 106 _(1-N) and/or by the automated personalassistant 120 may be distributed across multiple computer systems.Automated personal assistant 120 may be implemented as, for example,computer programs running on one or more computers in one or morelocations that are coupled to each other through a network.

Automated personal assistant 120 may include an input processing engine122, a contextual engine 124, an entry generation engine 126, asearching engine 128, a ranking engine 130, and an output generationengine 132. In some implementations, one or more of engines 122, 124,126, 128, 130, and/or 132 may be omitted. In some implementations, allor aspects of one or more of engines 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, and/or 132may be combined. In some implementations, one or more of engines 122,124, 126, 128, 130, and/or 132 may be implemented in a component that isseparate from automated personal assistant 120. For example, one or moreof engines 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, and/or 132, or any operative portionthereof, may be implemented in a component that is executed by of theclient computing devices 106 _(1-N).

Input processing engine 122 processes natural language input generatedby users via client computing devices 106 _(1-N) and generates annotatedoutput for use by one or more other components of the automated personalassistant 120. For example, the input processing engine 122 may processnatural language free-form input that is generated by a user via one ormore user interface input devices of client device 106 ₁. The generatedannotated output includes one or more annotations of the naturallanguage input and optionally one or more (e.g., all) of the terms ofthe natural language input.

In some implementations, the input processing engine 122 is configuredto identify and annotate various types of grammatical information innatural language input. For example, the input processing engine 122 mayinclude a part of speech tagger configured to annotate terms with theirgrammatical roles. For example, the part of speech tagger may tag eachterm with its part of speech such as “noun,” “verb,” “adjective,”“pronoun,” etc. Also, for example, in some implementations the inputprocessing engine 122 may additionally and/or alternatively include adependency parser configured to determine syntactic relationshipsbetween terms in natural language input. For example, the dependencyparser may determine which terms modify other terms, subjects and verbsof sentences, and so forth (e.g., a parse tree)—and may make annotationsof such dependencies.

In some implementations, the input processing engine 122 mayadditionally and/or alternatively include an entity tagger configured toannotate entity references in one or more segments such as references topeople, organizations, locations, and so forth. The entity tagger mayannotate references to an entity at a high level of granularity (e.g.,to enable identification of all references to an entity class such aspeople) and/or a lower level of granularity (e.g., to enableidentification of all references to a particular entity such as aparticular person). The entity tagger may rely on content of the naturallanguage input to resolve a particular entity and/or may optionallycommunicate with a knowledge graph or other entity database to resolve aparticular entity.

In some implementations, the input processing engine 122 mayadditionally and/or alternatively include a coreference resolverconfigured to group, or “cluster,” references to the same entity basedon one or more contextual cues. For example, the coreference resolvermay be utilized to resolve the term “it” to “bike helmet” in the naturallanguage input “I'm looking for my bike helmet. Do you know where itis?”

In some implementations, one or more components of the input processingengine 122 may rely on annotations from one or more other components ofthe input processing engine 122. For example, in some implementationsthe named entity tagger may rely on annotations from the coreferenceresolver and/or dependency parser in annotating all mentions to aparticular entity. Also, for example, in some implementations thecoreference resolver may rely on annotations from the dependency parserin clustering references to the same entity. In some implementations, inprocessing a particular natural language input, one or more componentsof the input processing engine 122 may use related prior input and/orother related data outside of the particular natural language input todetermine one or more annotations. For example, a first user in amessage exchange thread may provide input of “I'll leave the keys underthe doormat for you” and a second user may provide, via the messageexchange thread, input to the automated messaging system of “Rememberthat”. In processing “Remember that”, the coreference resolver mayresolve “that” to “I'll leave the keys under the doormat for you” andmay further resolve “I'll” to the first user and “you” to the seconduser.

The contextual engine 124 determines one or more contextual featuresthat are associated with natural language input received from one of theclient computing devices 106 _(1-N). In some implementations, thecontextual engine 124 determines one or more of the contextual featuresindependent of terms of the natural language input. For example,contextual feature may indicate a date and/or a time that the naturallanguage input was received and may be determined independent of termsof the natural language input. Also, for example, a contextual featuremay indicate a location of the user (e.g., based on GPS or otherlocation data) when the natural language input was received and may bedetermined independent of terms of the natural language input. Also, forexample, a contextual feature may indicate one or more additional usersto whom the natural language input was directed and/or one or moreadditional users who were engaged in communication with the user whenthe natural language input was received—and may be determinedindependent of terms of the natural language input. In someimplementations, the contextual engine 124 determines one or more of thecontextual features independent of any explicit input of the user thatprovided the natural language input, such as explicit user interfaceinput that defines the contextual features and/or explicit input thatconfirms automatically determined contextual features are correct.

The entry generation engine 126 generates personal database entries fora user in response to at least some instances of natural language inputformulated by the user via a corresponding one of the client computingdevices 106 _(1-N). In generating an entry for received natural languageinput, the entry generation engine 126 may utilize one or more terms ofthe natural language input, annotations of the natural language inputprovided by input processing engine 122, and/or contextual featuresprovided by contextual engine 124.

As one example, assume natural language input of “remember my lockercombination is 10, 20, 30” that is formulated by a user via one of theclient computing devices 106 _(1-N) and provided to the automatedpersonal assistant 120. Further assume the contextual engine 124determines the natural language input is provided at 6:00 AM on May 1,2016 while the user's location is “at the gym”. The user's location of“at the gym” may be defined with any one or more of various levels ofgranularity, such as a specific latitude/longitude, a street address, anentity identifier that identifies the particular gym, an entity classidentifier of “gym”, etc. In such an example, the entry generationengine 126 may generate an entry that includes the terms “lockercombination is 10, 20, 30”; temporal metadata of: 6:00 AM, “earlymorning”, and/or some other indication of 6:00 AM and temporal metadataof “May 1^(st)”, “Sunday in May”, and/or some other identifier of “May1, 2016”; and locational metadata that is an indication of the user'slocation of “at the gym.”

In some implementations, the entry generation engine 126 may generate apersonal database entry based on received natural language input inresponse to that natural language input having one or morecharacteristics. For example, in some of those implementations, theentry generation engine 126 may generate a personal database entry inresponse to natural language input that includes one or more key terms(e.g., “remember”, “remember this”, and/or “don't forget”) and/or thatincludes those key terms in certain positions of the natural languageinput (e.g., as a prefix). Also, for example, in some of thoseimplementations, the entry generation engine 126 may additionally and/oralternatively generate a personal database entry in response toproviding at least some of natural language input to a classifiertrained to predict whether and/or to what degree natural language inputindicates a desire for the natural language input to be “remembered”—andreceiving, as output from the classifier, an indication that the naturallanguage input indicates a desire to be remembered and/or indicates thedesire to at least a threshold degree.

In some implementations, the entry generation engine 126 may alsogenerate “memoryness” metadata for an entry that indicates a likelihoodthat the natural language input utilized to generate the entry indicatesa desire for the automated personal assistant 120 to recall at leastsome of the natural language input at a later time. For example, theentry generation engine 126 may generate memoryness metadata that is afirst value (e.g., “1”) when the natural language input includes one ormore key terms (e.g., “remember”, “remember this”, and/or “don'tforget”) and is a second value (e.g., “0”) when the natural languageinput does not include any of those key terms. Also, for example, theentry generation engine 126 may generate memoryness metadata that isselected from one of three or more values based on one or morecharacteristics of the natural language input and/or of associatedcontextual features. For example, the entry generation engine 126 mayprovide at least some of received natural language input and/or one ormore contextual features to a classifier trained to predict whetherand/or to what degree natural language input indicates a desire for thenatural language input to be “remembered”—and receive, as output fromthe classifier, a measure of the likelihood that the natural languageinput indicates a desire for the natural language input to beremembered. The engine 126 may utilize that measure, or anotherindication based on that measure, as the memoryness metadata.

The personal database entries generated by entry generation engine 126may be stored in personal database 152. Personal database 152 may beprovided on one or more non-transitory computer readable media, such asone or more media that are local to one of the client computing devices106 _(1-N), local to the automated personal assistant 120, and/or remotefrom the client computing devices 106 _(1-N) and/or the automatedpersonal assistant 120. Each personal database entry of personaldatabase 152 may include the underlying content itself and/or one ormore index items that link to the underlying content. In someimplementations, the personal database 152 may be local to one of theclient computing devices 106 _(1-N), and that client computing devicemay implement an instance of one or more (e.g., all) aspects of theautomated personal assistant 120. For example, that client computingdevice may include one or more user interface input devices (e.g., amicrophone), one or more user interface output devices (e.g., aspeaker), and the personal database 152.

Personal database 152 enables searching of personal database entries todetermine whether all or aspects of an entry are relevant to furthernatural language input of the user as described herein. In someimplementations, multiple iterations of personal database 152 may beprovided with each iteration being specific to a particular user and mayinclude personal database entries that are accessible to the user and/orsystem(s) designated by the user and non-accessible to a plurality ofadditional users and/or systems that differ from the user. For example,the personal database 152 may be accessible only to the user andnon-accessible by any other users. Also, for example, the personaldatabase 152 may be accessible to the user and certain additional usersdesignated by the user. In some implementations, the personal database152 may be associated with access information to allow access to userswho are authorized to access such content and prevent access to allother users. In some implementations, the personal database 152 includespersonal database entries of a plurality of users, with each entryand/or a group of entries associated with access information to allowaccess only to users and/or systems who are authorized to access suchindex items and prevent access to all other users and/or systems. Thus,the personal database 152 may include entries for a plurality of users,but each entry and/or a group of entries may include access informationto prevent access by any users not authorized to access such entries.Additional and/or alternative techniques for restricting access toentries of personal database 152 may be utilized.

The searching engine 128 searches entries of personal database 152 thatare associated with a user in response to at least some instances ofnatural language input formulated by the user via a corresponding one ofthe client computing devices 106 _(1-N). The searching engine 128generates one or more search parameters based on the formulated naturallanguage input, and optionally based on annotations of that inputprovided by input processing engine 122, and utilizes those searchparameters to determine one or more entries of the personal database 152that include content (e.g., descriptive metadata and/or natural languageinput terms of those entries) that matches (soft match and/or exactmatch) one or more (e.g., all) of the search parameters.

A search parameter generated by the searching engine 128 may include,for example, one or more terms of the natural language input, a synonymof one or more terms of the natural language input, a semantic label forone or more terms of the natural language input, a location restrictionbased on one or more terms of the natural language input, a temporalrestriction based on one or more terms of the natural language input,etc. For example, for natural language input of “who did I give my bikehelmet to last month?” the searching engine 128 may determine searchparameters of “bike helmet” (based on terms of the natural languageinput), “bicycle helmet” (based on a synonym of the natural languageinput), a semantic label indicative of “person” (based on presence of“who” in the natural language input), and a temporal restrictioncorresponding to “last month”.

In some implementations, the searching engine 128 searches the personaldatabase 152 based on received natural language input in response tothat natural language input having one or more characteristics. Forexample, in some of those implementations, the searching engine 128 maysearch the personal database 152 in response to natural language inputthat includes one or more key terms (e.g., “What”, “Who”, “Where”,“When”, “my”, and/or “I”) and/or that includes those key terms incertain positions of the natural language input. For instance, thesearch engine may search the personal database 152 in response tonatural language input that includes an inquiry term such as “what”,“who”, or “where” with a syntactical relationship (e.g., as indicated byannotations of the input processing engine 122) to one or more termssuch as “I” or “my”. Also, for example, in some implementations thesearching engine 128 may additionally and/or alternatively search thepersonal database 152 in response to providing at least some of naturallanguage input to a classifier trained to predict whether and/or to whatdegree natural language input is intended as a request for personalinformation from a personal database of the user—and receiving, asoutput from the classifier, an indication that the natural languageinput indicates a desire and/or indicates a desire to at least athreshold degree.

In some implementations, the searching engine 128 may also search thepublic database 154 in response to at least some instances of naturallanguage input formulated by the user via a corresponding one of theclient computing devices 106 _(1-N). The searching engine 128 may searchboth the public database 154 and the personal database 152 in responseto some natural language input and/or may search only one of the publicdatabase 154 and the personal database 152. Generally, the publicdatabase 154 may include various types of content that are notrestricted to the user and/or to other user's and/or systems designatedby the user, and that may optionally be utilized by the searching engine128 to respond to various types of natural language input. For example,the public database 154 may include content items from publiclyaccessible documents on the World Wide Web, scripted responses tocertain natural language input, etc. As one example, the public database154 may include a definition for “ambidextrous” to enable the searchingengine 128 to identify that definition in response to natural languageinput of “what does ambidextrous mean?”. As another example, the publicdatabase 154 may include a scripted response of “Hello, how are you”that is identified by the searching engine 128 in response to naturallanguage input of “Hi” or “Hello”.

The ranking engine 130 optionally ranks one or more entries (personaland/or public) identified by the searching engine 128 based on one ormore criteria. In some implementations, the ranking engine 130optionally calculates a score for each of one or more entries that areresponsive to the query using the one or more criteria. The score of anentry may itself be used as the ranking for the entry, or may becompared to scores of other entries (where other entries are determined)to determine the ranking of the entry. Each criteria used to rank anentry provides information about the entry itself and/or therelationship between the entry and the natural language input.

In some implementations, the ranking of a given entry may be based onconformance of a semantic label of descriptive metadata of the entry toa semantic label generated for the natural language input. For example,if a semantic label for one or more terms of the natural language inputmatches a semantic label in descriptive metadata of the given entry, theranking of the given entry may be positively influenced.

In some implementations, the ranking of the given entry may additionallyand/or alternatively be based on conformance of locational metadata ofthe given entry to a current location of the user (e.g., determined bycontextual engine 124) when the natural language input was received. Forexample, if a current location of the user is the same as, or within athreshold distance of, a location indicated by locational metadata ofthe given entry, the ranking of the given entry may be positivelyinfluenced.

In some implementations, the ranking of the given entry may additionallyand/or alternatively be based on conformance of temporal metadata of thegiven entry to a current date and/or time (e.g., determined bycontextual engine 124) when the natural language input was received. Forexample, if a current date is within a threshold of a date indicated bytemporal data of the given entry, the given entry may be promoted morethan if the current date was not within the threshold.

In some implementations, the ranking of the given entry may additionallyand/or alternatively be based on memoryness metadata for the givenentry. For example, if a measure included in or defined by thememoryness metadata satisfies a threshold, the ranking of the givenentry may be promoted more than if the measure did not satisfy thethreshold. In some implementations where the searching engine 128identifies a first entry from the public database 154 and a second entryfrom the personal database 152, the rankings of the entries may be basedon whether and/or to what degree the natural language input is intendedas a request for personal information from a personal database of theuser (e.g., as described above with respect to searching engine 128).For example, if characteristics of the natural language input indicateit is highly likely to be a request for personal information from apersonal database of the user, any identified entries from the publicdatabase 154 may be demoted.

The output generation engine 132 utilizes content of one or more entriesidentified by searching engine 128, and optionally the rankings of thoseentries determined by ranking engine 130, to generate output forpresentation to the user as a response to the provided natural languageinput. For example, the output generation engine 132 may select a subset(e.g., one) of identified entries based on the ranking and may generateoutput based on the selected subset. Also, for example, the outputgeneration engine 132 may additionally and/or alternatively utilize theranking to determine a presentation order of multiple pieces of contentin a generated response (based on the rankings of the entries from whichthe multiple pieces of content were derived).

In generating output based on a given personal database entry, theoutput generation engine 132 may include one or more of the terms of thegiven entry that are from the natural language input for which the givenentry was generated and/or may include output that is based on generateddescriptive metadata for the entry.

Turning now to FIGS. 2A and 2B, additional description is provided ofvarious components of automated personal assistant 120.

In FIG. 2A, a user utilizes one or more user interface input devices ofthe computing device 106 ₁ to provide natural language input 201A tomessage exchange client 107 ₁, which transmits the natural languageinput 201A to input processing engine 122. The natural language input201A may be free-from input as described herein and may be, for example,typed input provided by the user via a physical or virtual keyboard of acomputing device or spoken input provided by the user to a microphone ofthe computing device. In implementations where the natural languageinput 201B is spoken input, it may optionally be transcribed to textualinput by the computing device and/or by the input processing engine 122.

The input processing engine 122 processes the natural language input201A and generates various annotations of the natural language input.The input processing engine 122 provides annotated input (e.g., terms ofthe natural language input 201A and generated annotations) 202A to entrygeneration engine 126.

The contextual engine 124 determines contextual features associated withreceiving the natural language input 201A. For example, the contextualengine 124 may determine the contextual features based on data providedby message exchange client 107 ₁ (e.g. a timestamp, locational data)and/or other applications and/or the operating system of the clientcomputing device 106 ₁. In some implementations, the contextual features204 may be utilized by the entry generation engine 126 as describedbelow and/or may be utilized by the input processing engine 122 (e.g.,to improve entity resolution and/or other determinations based on userlocation and/or other contextual features).

The entry generation engine 126 generates a personal database entry 203for a user and stores it in personal database 152. In generating theentry 203, the entry generation engine 126 may utilize one or more termsof the natural language input 201A, annotated input 202A of the naturallanguage input provided by input processing engine 122, and/orcontextual features 204 provided by contextual engine 124.

FIG. 2B illustrates an example of generating, based on one or morepersonal database entries of a user, natural language output that isresponsive to further free-form natural language input of the user. Theexample of FIG. 2B may occur subsequent to the example of FIG. 2A andmay utilize the entry 203 generated in FIG. 2B.

In FIG. 2B, a user utilizes one or more user interface input devices ofthe computing device 106 ₁ to provide further natural language input201B to message exchange client 107 ₁, which transmits the naturallanguage input 201B to input processing engine 122. The natural languageinput 201B may be free-from input as described herein and may be, forexample, typed input provided by the user via a physical or virtualkeyboard of a computing device or spoken input provided by the user to amicrophone of the computing device.

The input processing engine 122 processes the natural language input201A and generates various annotations of the natural language input.The input processing engine 122 provides annotated output (e.g., termsof the natural language input 201B and generated annotations) 202B tosearching engine 128.

The searching engine 128 generates one or more search parameters basedon the annotated input 202B, and utilizes those search parameters todetermine one or more entries of the personal database 152 and/or publicdatabase 154 that include content that matches one or more of the searchparameters. As described herein, in some implementations the searchingengine 128 may search only personal database 152 in response to thenatural language input 201B based on one or more characteristics of thenatural language input 201B. The searching engine 128 determines thatentry 203 of personal database 152 is responsive to the search based onmatching one or more search parameters to content of the entry 203.

The searching engine 128 provides the entry 203 to the ranking engine130, which optionally generates a ranking for the entry 203. Forexample, the ranking engine 130 may determine if a ranking score for theentry 203 satisfies a threshold that warrants the output generationengine 132 utilizing the entry 203 to generate natural language output205. The contextual engine 124 determines contextual features associatedwith receiving the natural language input 201B and may provide thosecontextual features to the ranking engine 130 for use in generating aranking as described herein. In some implementations where the searchingengine 128 determines multiple responsive entries, the ranking engine130 may rank those relative to one another.

The output generation engine 132 utilizes content of the entry 203 togenerate natural language output 205 for presentation to the user as aresponse to the natural language input 201B. For example, the outputgeneration engine 132 may generate output 205 that includes one or moreof the terms of the entry 203 that are from the natural language input201A and/or that includes one or more terms that are based on generateddescriptive metadata for the entry 203. The natural language output 205is provided to the message exchange client 107 ₁ for audible and/orvisual presentation to the user via a user interface output device ofthe client computing device 106 ₁. In some implementations wheresearching engine 128 identifies multiple responsive entries, the outputgeneration engine 132 may select a subset (e.g., one) of identifiedentries based on the ranking and may generate output based on theselected subset. Also, for example, the output generation engine 132 mayadditionally and/or alternatively utilize the ranking to determine apresentation order of multiple pieces of content in a generated response(based on the rankings of the entries from which the multiple pieces ofcontent were derived).

Turning now to FIGS. 3A-3G, additional description is provided ofvarious components and techniques described herein. FIG. 3A illustratesthe client computing device 106 ₁ of FIG. 1 with a display screen 140displaying an example of dialog that may occur between a user of theclient computing device 106 ₁ and the automated personal assistant 120according to implementations described herein. In particular, the dialogincludes natural language input 380A, 380B, 380C provided by the user toan automated personal assistant and responses 390A, 390B, 390C that mayoptionally be provided by the automated personal assistant 120 toconfirm the assistant has generated an entry in response to the inputs.

In some other implementations, alternative response may be provided bythe automated personal assistant 120. For example, in someimplementations where clarification of a natural language input may benecessary and/or beneficial in determining a more particularized entry,the automated personal assistant may respond with a prompt to seek suchfurther clarification. For instance, in response to natural languageinput 380A, the automated personal assistant 120 may identify both a“Bob Smith” and “Bob White” in contact entries of the user and maygenerate a prompt such as “Do you mean Bob Smith or Bob White?” tosolicit further input from the user to enable determination of aparticular contact and further tailoring of an entry based on the input380A. Also, for instance, in response to natural language input 380D,the automated personal assistant 120 may determine that the input 380Dconflicts with previous input 380B, and the assistant 120 might prompt“Should this replace the bike lock combination you provided on May 5,2016?” to determine if an entry generated based on the input 380D shouldreplace an entry generated based on the input 380B.

FIG. 3A also shows, in parentheses, a date and a time that the userprovided each of the various inputs 380A-D. As described herein, thedates and times may be utilized in generating descriptive metadata. Thedates and/or times may optionally not be shown in the display providedto the user, but are illustrated in FIG. 3A for purposes of clarity.

The display screen 140 further includes a textual reply interfaceelement 384 that the user may select to generate user input via avirtual keyboard and a voice reply interface element 385 that the usermay select to generate user input via a microphone. The display screen140 also includes system interface elements 381, 382, 383 that may beinteracted with by the user to cause the computing device 106 ₁ toperform one or more actions.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, 3F, and 3G each illustrates a portion theexample client computing device 106 ₁, with the display screen 140displaying dialog that may occur subsequent to the dialog of FIG. 3Aaccording to implementations described herein.

In FIG. 3B the user provides, at a later time, further natural languageinput 380E of “who has my bike helmet?”. The automated personalassistant 120 provides a response 390E of “On May 1^(st) you told methat Bob had your bike helmet.” The response 390E may be generated by:issuing a search based on “where is my bike helmet”; identifying, asresponsive to the search, an entry that was created based on the userinput 380A of FIG. 3A; and using that entry to generate the response390E. For example, an entry generated for user input 380A may includethe terms “Bob has my bike helmet” and descriptive metadata of: asemantic label of “person” associated with “Bob”, a semantic label of“object” associated with “bike helmet”, and temporal metadata indicatingMay 1^(st) and/or 8:00 AM. Also, for example, a search may be issuedbased on the user input 380E, such as a search that includes a firstsearch parameter of “bike helmet” and a second search parameter of asemantic label of “person” (based on presence of “who” in the user input380E). The entry for input 380A may be identified based on having termsthat match the first search parameter and a sematic label that matchesthe second search parameter. The response 390E may be generated toinclude temporal metadata from the entry for input 380A (“On May1^(st)”) and the text from the entry for input 380A (“Bob has your Bikehelmet”).

In FIG. 3C the user provides, at a later time, further natural languageinput 380F of “when did I put tires on my bike?”. The automated personalassistant provides a response 390F of “May 7, 2016” The response 390Fmay be generated by: issuing a search based on “when did I put tiers onmy bike”; identifying, as responsive to the search, an entry that wascreated based on the user input 380B of FIG. 3A; and using that entry togenerate the response 390F. For example, an entry generated for userinput 380B may include the terms “put new tires on my bike on May 7,2016”. The entry may include the terms “May 7, 2016” instead of “today”(which is provided in the user input 380B) based on entry generationengine 126 replacing “today” with the date the user input 380B wasreceived (e.g., based on annotations provided by input processing engine122). The entry generated for user input 380B may also includedescriptive metadata of: temporal metadata indicating May 7, 2016 and asemantic label of “when” associated with the terms “May 7, 2016” of theentry. Also, for example, a search may be issued based on the user input380F, such as a search that includes a first search parameter of“tires”, a second search parameter of “bike”, and a third searchparameter of a semantic label of “when” (based on presence of “when” inthe user input 380F). The entry generated for input 380B may beidentified based on having terms that match the first search parameterand the second search parameter and having semantic label metadata thatmatches the third search parameter. The response 390F may be generatedto include only the terms “May 7, 2016” from the entry for input 380Bbased on those terms being associated with the semantic label metadatathat matches the third search parameter.

FIGS. 3D and 3E illustrate further natural language inputs 380G1 and380G2 of “What is my bike lock combination”. A first entry generated foruser input 380B (FIG. 3A) and a second entry generated for user input380D (FIG. 3A) may both identified based on a search for naturallanguage inputs 380G1, 380G2. In FIG. 3D, a response 390G that isgenerated based on the second entry for user input 380D is providedwithout providing any output that is generated based on the first entryfor user input 380B. This may be based on ranking the first entry andthe second entry based on one or more criteria and determining thesecond entry is ranked higher than the first entry. For example, thesecond entry may be ranked higher based on temporal metadata for thesecond entry being more proximal to a current time than temporalmetadata for the first entry.

In the example of FIG. 3D, the response 390G is generated based on thesecond entry for user input 380D without providing any output that isgenerated based on the first entry for user input 380B. Providing thecontent from only one of the two answers may be based on various factorssuch as system settings, size of the display screen 140, and/or based onprocessing of input 380G1 to understand that only a single answer isdesired. However, in some implementations a response may include outputgenerated based on both the first entry and the second entry.

For example, in FIG. 3E a response 390H is generated that is based onboth the second entry for user input 380D and the first entry for userinput 380B. In the response 390H, the portion of the response 390H thatcorresponds to the second entry is pesented before the portion based onthe first entry. This may be based on, for example, the ranking of thesecond entry being higher than the ranking of the first entry (e.g.,based on temporal metadata for the second entry being more proximal to acurrent time than temporal metadata for the first entry).

In FIG. 3F the user provides, at a later time, further natural languageinput 380H of “How do I put tires on my bike?”. The automated personalassistant 120 provides a response 390I that includes part of the stepsfor putting new tires on a bike. The response 390I is an example of aresponse that may be generated by the automated personal assistant 120based on a public entry of public database 154. Although the furthernatural language input 380H includes the terms “tires” and “bikes” thatmay also be included in a personal entry generated based on the userinput 380C (FIG. 3A), the automated personal assistant 120 does notprovide responsive content that is based on the personal entry. This maybe based on one or more of various factors. For example, a semanticlabel for the input 380H (e.g., a label associated with “How”) may notmatch a semantic label for the personal entry generated based on theuser input 380C. This may lead to that entry not being determined and/ormay negatively influence the ranking of that entry. As another example,the ranking for the public entry utilized to generate response 390I maybe higher than the ranking of the personal entry—and the response 390Igenerated based on only the public entry based on a rule that dictatesresponses are to be generated based on only the highest ranked entryand/or based on only the highest ranked entry when its ranking scoresatisfies a threshold relative to the next highest ranked entry.

In FIG. 3G the user provides, at a later time, further natural languageinput 380I of “new tires on my bike?”. The automated personal assistant120 provides a response 390J that includes content from a privatedatabase entry and content from a public database. In particular, theresponse 390J includes content (“You put new tires on your bike on May7^(th), 2016”) that is based on a personal entry generated for the input380C (FIG. 3A). The response 390J also includes content (“Do you want tolearn how to install new bike tires?”) that may be based on a publicentry of public database 154. The automated personal assistant 120 mayinclude content that is based on an entry generated for the input 380Cbased on matching search parameters of “new” “tires” and “bike” tocontent of the entry. In some implementations, the content from theprivate database entry may be presented before the content from thepublic database based on a ranking of the entries underlying thecontent.

FIG. 4A illustrates the client computing device 106 ₁ with the displayscreen 140 displaying another example of dialog that may occur betweenthe user of the client computing device 106 ₁ and the automated personalassistant 120 according to implementations described herein. Inparticular, the dialog includes natural language inputs 480A and 480Bprovided by the user to the automated personal assistant 120 andresponses 490A and 490B that may optionally be provided by the automatedpersonal assistant 120 to confirm the assistant 120 has generated anentry in response to the inputs. FIG. 4A also shows, in parentheses, adate and a time that the user provided each of the inputs 480A and 480B.As described herein, the dates and times may be utilized in generatingdescriptive metadata. The dates and/or times may optionally not be shownin the display provided to the user, but are illustrated in FIG. 4A forpurposes of clarity.

The display screen 140 further includes a textual reply interfaceelement 484 that the user may select to generate user input via avirtual keyboard and a voice reply interface element 485 that the usermay select to generate user input via a microphone. The display screen140 also includes system interface elements 481, 482, 483 that may beinteracted with by the user to cause the computing device 106 ₁ toperform one or more actions.

In FIG. 4A, the user provides first user input 480A that includes “mylocker combination is 7, 22, 40” and provides it at the “Gym” on “May 1,2016” at “6:00 AM”. A first entry may be created for the first userinput that includes one or more terms from the input, includeslocational metadata indicative of the “Gym”, and that includes temporalmetadata indicative of May 1, 2016 and/or 6:00 AM. In FIG. 4B, the userprovides second user input 480B that includes “my locker combination is40, 20, 10” and provides it at “Work” on “May 10, 2016” at “8:00 AM”. Asecond entry may be created for the first user input that includes oneor more terms from the input, includes locational metadata indicative of“Work”, and that includes temporal metadata indicative of May 10, 2016and/or 8:00 AM.

FIGS. 4B and 4C each illustrates a portion the example client computingdevice 106 ₁ with the display screen 140 displaying dialog that mayoccur subsequent to the dialog of FIG. 4A according to implementationsdescribed herein.

In FIG. 4B, the user provides further input 480C of “What is my lockercombination?” and provides it at 5:45 AM while the user is at the Gym.The automated personal assistant 120 provides a response 490C that isgenerated based on the first entry for the user input 480A of FIG.4A—and that does not include any content generated based on the secondentry for the user input 480B. This may be based on, for example,conformance of the locational metadata of the first entry to the currentlocation of the user and/or conformance of the temporal metadata to acurrent time. Compare this to a situation where the user was at “Work”at “8:00 AM”. In such a situation the response may be generated based onthe second entry and independent of the first entry.

In FIG. 4C, the user provides further input 480D of “What is my lockercombination?” that is the same as the input 480C of FIG. 4B. However, inFIG. 4C the user provides the input 480D at 6:00 PM while the user is at“Home”. The automated personal assistant 120 provides the response 490Dthat is generated based on both the first entry for the user input 480Aof FIG. 4A—and the second entry for the user input 480B. Generating aresponse based on both entries instead of just one may be based on, forexample, the user's current location not conforming strongly to thelocational metadata of either of the entries and/or the current time notconforming strongly to the temporal metadata of either of the entries.In response 490D, content generated based on the second entry may bepresented before content generated based on the first entry based on thedate of temporal metadata of the second entry being more proximal to thecurrent date than that of the first entry.

Although FIGS. 3A-3G and 4A-4C illustrate example graphical userinterfaces that may be provided to a user, it is understood that invarious implementations responses provided by automated personalassistant 120 may be provided for presentation audibly (e.g., via aspeaker), without necessarily providing graphical indications of thoseresponses. For example, a user may provide natural language input via amicrophone and the automated personal assistant 120 may respond to suchinput with output that is configured for presentation audibly.

FIGS. 5A and 5B present a flowchart illustrating an example method 500of generating personal database entries for a user based on free-formnatural language input formulated by the user and generating, based onone or more of the personal database entries, natural language outputthat is responsive to further free-form natural language input of theuser. For convenience, the operations of the flow chart are describedwith reference to a system that performs the operations. This system mayinclude various components of various computer systems, such asautomated personal assistant 120. Moreover, while operations of method500 are shown in a particular order, this is not meant to be limiting.One or more operations may be reordered, omitted or added.

At block 550, the system awaits natural language input.

At block 552, the system receives natural language input that isformulated by a user via one or more user interface input devices.

At block 554, the system determines whether the natural language inputof block 552 indicates a request for personal information, such as arequest for personal information from a personal database of the user.For example, in some implementations, the system may determine the inputindicates a request for personal information if it includes one or morekey terms (e.g., “What”, “Who”, “Where”, “my”, “I” and/or “don'tforget”) and/or that includes those key terms in certain positions ofinput. Also, for example, in some implementations the system mayadditionally and/or alternatively y determine the input indicates arequest for personal information based on output received in response toproviding at least some of input to a classifier trained to predictwhether and/or to what degree natural language input is intended as arequest for personal information. In some implementations, block 554 maybe omitted (e.g., one or more of blocks 562-570 may be performed foreach input) or instantiated (for the first time or again) after one ormore of blocks 562-570 (e.g., the decision of block 554 may be based onwhether any entries are determined at block 570 and/or may be based onthe content and/or ranking of any returned entries).

If the system determines the natural language input of block 552 doesnot indicate a request for information, the system proceeds to block 556where the system determines whether the input indicates a desire forrecall. For example, in some implementations the system may determinethe input indicates a desire for recall based on the presence of certainterms in the input (e.g., “remember”, “don't forget”) and/or based onoutput received in response to providing the input to a classifiertrained to predict whether and/or to what degree natural language inputindicates a desire for the natural language input to be “remembered.” Insome implementations, block 556 may be omitted. For example, one or moreof blocks 558 and 560 may be performed for each input or for each inputthat is determined not to indicate a request for personal information atblock 554 and/or that satisfies one or more other criteria.

If the system determines at block 556 the input does not indicate adesire for recall, the system proceeds back to block 550 and awaitsfurther natural language output, optionally after providing an erroroutput (e.g., “I don't understand your request”) and/or proceeding toother unillustrated blocks (e.g., blocks for searching a public databaseand/or providing other output).

If the system determines at block 556 that the natural language input ofblock 552 does indicate a desire for recall, the system proceeds toblock 558 where the system generates an entry for the input of block 552in a personal database of the user.

In some implementations, in performing block 558, the system generatesdescriptive metadata for the entry at block 558A (e.g., based on termsof the input and/or contextual features associated with receiving theinput) and stores one or more terms of the input of block 552 and thegenerated descriptive metadata in the entry at block 558B. The systemmay then optionally perform one or more other actions at block 560, suchas providing output that confirms an entry has been generated for theinput, then proceeds back to block 550.

Returning back to block 554, if the system determines at block 554 thatthe input of block 552 does indicate a request, the system proceeds toblock 562 (FIG. 5B)

At block 562, the system determines one or more search parameters basedon the input of block 552. At block 564, the system searches a personaldatabase of the user based on the search parameters determined at block562.

At block 566, the system determines at least one personal entry of thepersonal database that is responsive to the search. At block 568, thesystem generates natural language output based on content of the atleast one personal entry determined at block 566. In someimplementations, the system may generate output based on a personalentry only when a ranking for that personal entry satisfies a threshold.The ranking may be for the personal entry itself, or for the personalentry relative to one or more other personal entries that may bedetermined at block 566 to be responsive to the search.

At block 570, the system provides the output of block 568 forpresentation to the user via one or more user interface output devices.The system then returns to block 550 (FIG. 5A) and awaits furthernatural language input.

Although not illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B, in some implementations thesystem may optionally search one or more public databases in the method500 and may optionally generate output with content from the publicdatabases. Such public database content may be included in output incombination with content from a personal entry and/or in lieu of contentfrom the personal entry.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example computing device 610 that mayoptionally be utilized to perform one or more aspects of techniquesdescribed herein. In some implementations, one or more of the clientcomputing devices 160 _(1-N), automated personal assistant 120, and/orother component(s) may comprise one or more components of the examplecomputing device 610.

Computing device 610 typically includes at least one processor 614 whichcommunicates with a number of peripheral devices via bus subsystem 612.These peripheral devices may include a storage subsystem 624, including,for example, a memory subsystem 625 and a file storage subsystem 626,user interface output devices 620, user interface input devices 622, anda network interface subsystem 616. The input and output devices allowuser interaction with computing device 610. Network interface subsystem616 provides an interface to outside networks and is coupled tocorresponding interface devices in other computing devices.

User interface input devices 622 may include a keyboard, pointingdevices such as a mouse, trackball, touchpad, or graphics tablet, ascanner, a touchscreen incorporated into the display, audio inputdevices such as voice recognition systems, microphones, and/or othertypes of input devices. In general, use of the term “input device” isintended to include all possible types of devices and ways to inputinformation into computing device 610 or onto a communication network.

User interface output devices 620 may include a display subsystem, aprinter, a fax machine, or non-visual displays such as audio outputdevices. The display subsystem may include a cathode ray tube (CRT), aflat-panel device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projectiondevice, or some other mechanism for creating a visible image. Thedisplay subsystem may also provide non-visual display such as via audiooutput devices. In general, use of the term “output device” is intendedto include all possible types of devices and ways to output informationfrom computing device 610 to the user or to another machine or computingdevice.

Storage subsystem 624 stores programming and data constructs thatprovide the functionality of some or all of the modules describedherein. For example, the storage subsystem 624 may include the logic toperform selected aspects of the method of FIGS. 5A and 5B.

These software modules are generally executed by processor 614 alone orin combination with other processors. Memory 625 used in the storagesubsystem 624 can include a number of memories including a main randomaccess memory (RAM) 630 for storage of instructions and data duringprogram execution and a read only memory (ROM) 632 in which fixedinstructions are stored. A file storage subsystem 626 can providepersistent storage for program and data files, and may include a harddisk drive, a floppy disk drive along with associated removable media, aCD-ROM drive, an optical drive, or removable media cartridges. Themodules implementing the functionality of certain implementations may bestored by file storage subsystem 626 in the storage subsystem 624, or inother machines accessible by the processor(s) 614.

Bus subsystem 612 provides a mechanism for letting the variouscomponents and subsystems of computing device 610 communicate with eachother as intended. Although bus subsystem 612 is shown schematically asa single bus, alternative implementations of the bus subsystem may usemultiple busses.

Computing device 610 can be of varying types including a workstation,server, computing cluster, blade server, server farm, or any other dataprocessing system or computing device. Due to the ever-changing natureof computers and networks, the description of computing device 610depicted in FIG. 6 is intended only as a specific example for purposesof illustrating some implementations. Many other configurations ofcomputing device 610 are possible having more or fewer components thanthe computing device depicted in FIG. 6.

In situations in which the systems described herein collect personalinformation about users, or may make use of personal information, theusers may be provided with an opportunity to control whether programs orfeatures collect user information (e.g., information about a user'ssocial network, social actions or activities, profession, a user'spreferences, or a user's current geographic location), or to controlwhether and/or how to receive content from the content server that maybe more relevant to the user. Also, certain data may be treated in oneor more ways before it is stored or used, so that personal identifiableinformation is removed. For example, a user's identity may be treated sothat no personal identifiable information can be determined for theuser, or a user's geographic location may be generalized wheregeographic location information is obtained (such as to a city, ZIPcode, or state level), so that a particular geographic location of auser cannot be determined. Thus, the user may have control over howinformation is collected about the user and/or used.

While several implementations have been described and illustratedherein, a variety of other means and/or structures for performing thefunction and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of theadvantages described herein may be utilized, and each of such variationsand/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of theimplementations described herein. More generally, all parameters,dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant tobe exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials,and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application orapplications for which the teachings is/are used. Those skilled in theart will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routineexperimentation, many equivalents to the specific implementationsdescribed herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoingimplementations are presented by way of example only and that, withinthe scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto,implementations may be practiced otherwise than as specificallydescribed and claimed. Implementations of the present disclosure aredirected to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit,and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two ormore such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods,if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods arenot mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the presentdisclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method performed by one or more processors,comprising: receiving first natural language input, wherein the firstnatural language input is free-form input formulated by a user via auser interface input device of a computing device of the user;generating an entry for the first natural language input in a personaldatabase of the user stored in one or more computer readable media,wherein generating the entry comprises: generating descriptive metadatafor the entry, wherein generating the descriptive metadata for the entrycomprises: generating a semantic label associated with an entity basedon one or more terms of the first natural language input, and generatingan additional semantic label associated with an object based on one ormore of the terms of the first natural language input; and storing, inthe entry, the descriptive metadata; subsequent to receiving the firstnatural language input, receiving second natural language input, whereinthe second natural language input is free-form input formulated by theuser via the user interface input device or an additional user interfaceinput device of an additional computing device of the user, and whereinone or more additional terms of the second natural language inputinclude at least the semantic label associated with the entity and theobject; determining, based on the second natural language input, atleast one search parameter, wherein the at least one search parameterincludes the object; searching the personal database based on the atleast one search parameter; determining, based on the searching, thatthe entry is responsive to the second natural language input, whereindetermining that the entry is responsive to the second natural languageinput is based at least in part on matching the at least one searchparameter to at least some of the descriptive metadata; and in responseto determining that the entry is responsive to the second naturallanguage input: generating natural language output that includes one ormore natural language output terms that are based on the entry; andproviding, for audible presentation to the user via a user interfaceoutput device of the computing device, the natural language output. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein generating the semantic label associatedwith the entity based on one or more of the terms of the first naturallanguage input comprises: processing the first natural language input toclassify one or more of the terms of the first natural language input;and generating the semantic label associated with an entity based on aclassification of one or more of the terms of the first natural languageinput.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the semantic label associatedwith the entity includes one or more of: a person semantic label, or aplace semantic label.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein generating theadditional semantic label associated with the object based on one ormore of the terms of the first natural language input comprises:generating the additional semantic label associated with the objectbased on the classification of one or more of the terms of the firstnatural language input.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the firstnatural language input is received as part of a dialog session with anautomated personal assistant, wherein the second natural language inputis received as part of a subsequent dialog session with the automatedpersonal assistant, and wherein the subsequent dialog session issubsequent to the dialog session.
 6. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: in response to determining that the entry is responsive tothe second natural language input: providing, for visual presentation tothe user via an additional user interface output device of the computingdevice, a representation of the natural language output.
 7. The methodof claim 6, wherein the representation of the natural language outputincludes a transcription corresponding to the natural language output.8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, based on thesearching, that an additional entry is responsive to the second naturallanguage input, wherein determining that the additional entry isresponsive to the second natural language input is based at least inpart on matching the at least one search parameter to at least some ofthe descriptive metadata.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein generatingthe natural language output further comprises including one or moreadditional natural language output terms that are based on theadditional entry.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein generating thedescriptive metadata for the entry further comprises generating temporalmetadata that indicates one or more of: a day that the first naturallanguage input was received, or a time that the first natural languageinput was received.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: inresponse to determining that both the entry and the additional entry areresponsive to the second natural language input: selecting the entry asresponsive to the second natural language input based on the temporalmetadata.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein selecting the entry asresponsive to the second natural language input based on the temporalmetadata comprises: determining a current day or a current time that thesecond natural language input is received conforms with one or more of:the day that the first natural language input was received, or the timethat the first natural language input was received.
 13. The method ofclaim 8, wherein generating the descriptive metadata for the entryfurther comprises generating locational metadata that indicates alocation of the computing device of the user when the first naturallanguage input was received.
 14. The method of claim 13, furthercomprising: in response to determining that both the entry and theadditional entry are responsive to the second natural language input:selecting the entry as responsive to the second natural language inputbased on the locational metadata.
 15. The method of claim 14, whereinselecting the entry as responsive to the second natural language inputbased on the locational metadata comprises: determining a currentlocation of the computing device of the user when the second naturallanguage input is received conforms with the location of the computingdevice of the user when the first natural language input was received.16. A system comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memorystoring instructions that, when executed, cause the at least oneprocessor to: receive first natural language input, wherein the firstnatural language input is free-form input formulated by a user via auser interface input device of a computing device of the user; generatean entry for the first natural language input in a personal database ofthe user stored in one or more computer readable media, wherein theinstructions to generate the entry cause the at least one processor to:generate descriptive metadata for the entry, wherein the instructions togenerate the descriptive metadata for the entry cause the at least oneprocessor to: generate a semantic label associated with an entity basedon one or more terms of the first natural language input, and generatean additional semantic label associated with an object based on one ormore of the terms of the first natural language input; and store, in theentry, the descriptive metadata; subsequent to receiving the firstnatural language input, receive second natural language input, whereinthe second natural language input is free-form input formulated by theuser via the user interface input device or an additional user interfaceinput device of an additional computing device of the user, and whereinone or more additional terms of the second natural language inputinclude at least the semantic label associated with the entity and theobject; determine, based on the second natural language input, at leastone search parameter, wherein the at least one search parameter includesthe object; search the personal database based on the at least onesearch parameter; determine, based on the searching, that the entry isresponsive to the second natural language input, wherein determiningthat the entry is responsive to the second natural language input isbased at least in part on matching the at least one search parameter toat least some of the descriptive metadata; and in response todetermining that the entry is responsive to the second natural languageinput: generate natural language output that includes one or morenatural language output terms that are based on the entry; and provide,for audible presentation to the user via a user interface output deviceof the computing device, the natural language output.
 17. Anon-transitory computer readable storage medium storing instructionsthat, when executed, cause at least one processor to perform operations,the operations comprising: receiving first natural language input,wherein the first natural language input is free-form input formulatedby a user via a user interface input device of a computing device of theuser; generating an entry for the first natural language input in apersonal database of the user stored in one or more computer readablemedia, wherein generating the entry comprises: generating descriptivemetadata for the entry, wherein generating the descriptive metadata forthe entry comprises: generating a semantic label associated with anentity based on one or more terms of the first natural language input,and generating an additional semantic label associated with an objectbased on one or more of the terms of the first natural language input;and storing, in the entry, the descriptive metadata; subsequent toreceiving the first natural language input, receiving second naturallanguage input, wherein the second natural language input is free-forminput formulated by the user via the user interface input device or anadditional user interface input device of an additional computing deviceof the user, and wherein one or more additional terms of the secondnatural language input include at least the semantic label associatedwith the entity and the object; determining, based on the second naturallanguage input, at least one search parameter, wherein the at least onesearch parameter includes the object; searching the personal databasebased on the at least one search parameter; determining, based on thesearching, that the entry is responsive to the second natural languageinput, wherein determining that the entry is responsive to the secondnatural language input is based at least in part on matching the atleast one search parameter to at least some of the descriptive metadata;and in response to determining that the entry is responsive to thesecond natural language input: generating natural language output thatincludes one or more natural language output terms that are based on theentry; and providing, for audible presentation to the user via a userinterface output device of the computing device, the natural languageoutput.